Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in the Russian , Ukrainian and Polish languages

Abstract: This article is focused on the mechanisms that are used for perfumery and cosmetics terminology formation in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages based on material from modern dictionaries and internet sources. The subject of the research is the means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in three Slavic languages. As a result, universal tendencies towards integration, differentiation, internationalization and unification of the language means in its structural, semantic and genetic aspects are determined. The research is based on the synchronic and partially diachronic approach with the use of componential analysis and the method of definition. Findings. The specificity of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology in closely related Slavic languages results from extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors, from native language laws of functioning and its special denotative correlation that manifests itself both in the nominative and the semasiological aspects. The following term-forming mechanisms proved to be typical: terminologization of common words, lexical term borrowings from other languages, transterminologization, special words modelling with Olena Voytseva* Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-4545

Abstract: This article is focused on the mechanisms that are used for perfumery and cosmetics terminology formation in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages based on material from modern dictionaries and internet sources. The subject of the research is the means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in three Slavic languages. As a result, universal tendencies towards integration, differentiation, internationalization and unification of the language means in its structural, semantic and genetic aspects are determined. The research is based on the synchronic and partially diachronic approach with the use of componential analysis and the method of definition. Findings. The specificity of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology in closely related Slavic languages results from extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors, from native language laws of functioning and its special denotative correlation that manifests itself both in the nominative and the semasiological aspects. The following term-forming mechanisms proved to be typical: terminologization of common words, lexical term borrowings from other languages, transterminologization, special words modelling with Olena Voytseva * Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-  Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages 1 V. S. Zvyagintsev, Normalizatsiya i kodifikatsiya meditsinskoy terminologii v usloviyakh variantnosti: avtoref. dis. … kand. filol. n., Moskva 2017, p. 13; the definition and the context help the term to find its place in the structure analysed: J. C. Sager, Practical Course in Terminology Processing, Amsterdam 1990, p. 48. 2 Z. S. Gandaloyeva, Istoriya razvitiya sfery parfyumernogo i kosmeticheskogo proizvodstva i yeye vliyaniye na formirovaniye sootvetstvuyushchey terminosistemy v sovremennom angliyskom yazyke. V mire nauchnykh otkrytiy, 2015, 3.7; Osnovnyye tematicheskiye gruppy angloyazychnoy terminologii sfery parfyumernogo i kosmeticheskogo proizvodstva. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Lingvistika i mezhkul'turnaya kommunikatsiya, 2016; 2.; N. O. Hymer, Leksyka kosmetyky ta kosmetolohiyi suchasnoyi ukrayins'koyi movy: avtoref. dys., kand. filol. n., L'viv 2010; Ye. V. Kolomiyets, Naimenovaniya sredstv parfyumerii i kosmetiki v russkom yazyke ХІ-ХХІ veka: etimologiya, struktura, semantika: avtoref. dis.kand. filol. n., Moskva 2011.
Since ancient times some diseases have been diagnosed with the help of the olfactory senses. It has been not only the medicinal properties of perfumery and cosmetics that have mattered, but also their aesthetic impact, which has helped to improve one's appearance and make it look beautiful. Modern scientists are investigating the influence scents have on human behaviour. For this purpose, researchers are using perfumery and cosmetics products in marketing, in teaching adults and children, in researching the mechanisms of memory, in overcoming human depression, and so on.
In the 21 st century perfumery and cosmetics products (hygienic, decorative, theatrical, medicinal) are regarded as components that fully meet the demand for people's everyday lifestyle habits. At present perfumery and cosmetics vocabulary is being actively enriched with new terms. In the Slavic languages they have begun to express additional axiological meanings, spiritual and vital human values ("beauty", "youth", "health", "development", "physical and aesthetic improvement"), an individual's and people's idea of perfectness, and also positive and negative emotions connected with the potential of the smell as a phenomenon of nature and culture that has an impact on human worries and feelings.
It is noteworthy that the number of new terms is increasing, and special dictionaries lacking the terminology under analysis need managing. The role of the term creation in the processes of categorization and conceptualization of perfumery and cosmetics names needs further consideration, too. There has also been little research into the following problems: what principles were used to form perfumery and cosmetics terms; the extent of term creation means such as terminologization, borrowing, modelling; the reasons for selecting these means in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages. All the enumerated problems make it relevant to analyse perfumery and cosmetics term formation mechanisms in closely related Slavic languages.
The purpose of this article is to research the perfumery and cosmetics term-forming mechanisms in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages.
The methods of the research are comparative and componential analyses, definition, also descriptive analysis with a synchronic and partially diachronic approach. Comparative analysis helped to determine universal and innovative patterns of the term-forming mechanisms in the investigated languages. Regular naming processes point at their common tendencies and laws that Olena Voytseva, Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms...

LITERATURE, LANGUAGE, AND HISTORY
determine term formation in modern Slavic languages. Componential analysis was conducted to perform semantic structures of special terms as a combination of semantic elements. They are: -intergral (i.e. the main hyponymic features that combine terms into separate groups); -differential (i.e. additional semantic features that are different in special terms). Also definitions of perfumery and cosmetics terms were analysed in order to reveal their inner structures.
The object of the study is perfumery and cosmetics terms selected consecutively from Russian, Ukrainian and Polish dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, and websites of the early 21 st century. The whole body of terms constitutes 2223 special words and word combinations.
Perfumery and cosmetics terminology is a set of scientific and technological terms (words and word combinations) created in the process of historical development as a result of knowledge and activity accumulation, comprehension in the two spheres, and whose term-forming elements denote perfumery, hygienic and decorative cosmetics, and at the same time function for the purpose of communication in the perfumery and cosmetics spheres.
Perfumery and cosmetics terminology forms a rather stable system of "independent nominative units joined into one class and characterised by functioning in the common sphere of activity" 3 . They represent scientific knowledge, namely general scientific terms and professionalisms, that is connected with two spheres of activity.
The process of creating perfumery and cosmetics vocabulary has a number of external and internal grounds. To extralinguistic factors belong objective reasons for perfumery and cosmetics spheres of activity being generated and developed, crafts being singled out, and afterwards perfumery and cosmetics being manufactured. This all resulted in the active process of perfumery and cosmetics term creation aimed at human pragmatical needs and interests. Here we can observe, for instance, words from the national corpus, native words of unambiguous semantics: Russian (Rus.) благовония "aroma substances" 4 (BTS, p. 81), Ukrainian (Ukr.) пахощі "1. scents; 2. rare perfume" 5 , Polish (Pol.) pachnidło książk. "substancja pachnąca 3 K. Ya. Averbukh, Obshchaya teoriya termina, Moskva 2006, p. 193 Intralinguistic (linguistic proper, internal) factors are caused by the system specificity of every national language and its terminology subsystem, as well as by speech factors, to which belong (after N. D. Golev) experience, language mechanisms, an individual's psychology, and the character of the communicative intention 6 .
There still does not exist a generally accepted thematic classification of perfumery and cosmetics products, which proves the variability in their vocabulary: 1) perfumery products: perfume, Eau de Parfum, Eau de Toilette, fragrance, cologne, smoking sticks; 2) cosmetic products: skin-care for hands and face (Rus. крем для рук, мыло, лосьон), oral care (Rus. эликсир, зубная паста, зубной порошок), haircare (Rus. шампунь, масло для волос), body skin-care (Rus. крем для ног, дезодорант) and their subclasses, groups, subgroups that are classified according to their most prominent features in two spheres: 1) in perfumes -depending on the type of the material (natural or synthetic fragrances); 2) in cosmetics -depending on the purpose they are used for (hygienic, curative and protective, decorative, theatrical make-up); and on their structure (cream, powder, solid, liquid) 7 .
In terms of scientific and technological developments of the perfumery and cosmetics spheres the process of term creation in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages can be roughly divided into several periods: 1) from the 11 th -12 th till the 17 th centuries -prescientific period -primary notions of aromatherapy and cosmetic products began to appear; 2) the 18 th century -first terms were created, other terms were actively borrowed from French and other languages; 3) 19 th -mid 20 th centuries -the perfumery and cosmetics industries intensively developed, and increased production generated the corresponding term creation; 4) mid 20 th -early 21 st centuries -phonetic, graphical and lexical assimilation of term borrowing continued, the international perfumery and cosmetics vocabulary was created on the basis of Greek and Latin heritage, and new perfumery and cosmetics terms were borrowed from the English language. It is noteworthy that the process of borrowing special words and phrases from other languages is characteristic of all the periods of perfumery and cosmetics term development.
Common nouns can form "terms, the semantic volume of which in special usage is equal to their semantic volume in everyday usage" 13 . They constitute not more than 3 % of the total number of the terms gathered in the three languages. These special terms are rather important as they can form a great number of derivatives and serve as hyperonyms in attributive and prepositional multi-word combinations.
In the prescientific period of accumulating perfumery and cosmetics knowledge the body of the national language was used (the principle of socalled self-reliance). In the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages special vocabulary denoting incense, decorative substance was widely used by the Slavs for treatment in everyday life, in religious rituals 14 .
The original perfumery and cosmetics terms that are widely used in modern Slavic languages can be divided into the following thematic groups: 1) substance properties, cf. Rus. запах "substance property that can be smelled", in the Russian language since the 11 th -17 th centuries запахъ < from the East Slavic *запахъ, a derivative with the ending -ъ from the verb stem *запахнõти: Приятный запах. Резкий запах 15 : "Запах": in perfumery the word denotes raw material and ordinary shades of smell, cf. the word аромат, the smell of the processed material" (SP); Ukr. запах "the property of a substance, objects that have a smell // something that can 13 S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, Terminovedeniye, Moskva 2008, p. 124. 14 "The words "scent" and "aromatic substance" have been known to the East Slavs since the 11 th -12 th centuries. Initially aromatic substances were used in Kievan Rus during Orthodox worship and burial. The first information on aromatherapy is dated by the 13 th -14 th centuries", cited from E. Kolomiyets, Perfumery and cosmetics names in the Russian language of the 11 th -21 st centuries: etymology, structure, semantics: dissertation abstract for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences, Moscow 2011, p. 4; "On the appearance of cosmetics terminology in the Ukrainian language we can only speak beginning with the 16 th century… It is indicated in the historical dictionaries that the period of the developing Ukrainian special lexicon in the perfumery and cosmetics sphere (16 th -17 th centuries) is marked by the appearance of the native cosmetic terms: молочко, облива, нечисть, короста. It can be concluded that during the 18 th -first half of the 19 th centuries the native Ukrainian terminology was gradually formed. It is proved by the functioning of the lexemes: ожиріння, облисіння, мило, барвник, омолодження", cited from N. Hymer
With the help of suffixation derivative terms are formed on the basis of native words: Rus., Ukr. мазь, Pol. maź < psł. *mazь od *mazati ‛mazać, smarować, namaszczać' (WSJP PAN); Rus. масло "fat substance made from the milk of domestic animals, from some plants (mainly seeds and fruits) and from mineral substances", since the 11 th -17 th centuries, Pol. masło < Proto-Slavic *масло (from *мазсло) ‛something that is oiled with', a derivative with the suffix -сло from the verb stem *мазати 28 , in Ukr. oлія is derived from the Latin or Greek language 29 ; Rus. сливки "thick fat top cover of milk held at room temperature for several days"; since the 11 th -17 th centuries, native Russian derivative with the suffix -к(а) from the noun stem сливъ, which originated from the prefixed verb *съливати, relevant in its aspect meaning to *сълити 30 , Ukr. вершки "thick diary product with a high fat content, made by separating fresh milk or holding it at room temperature for several days", shortened from верх 31 , Pol. śmietanka: Rus. сливки для тела, косметические сливки; Ukr. косметичні вершки; Pol. śmietanka kosmetyczna; Rus. порошок "fine, dry particles produced by grinding a solid substance", since the 17 th century, Ukr. порошок, Pol. proszek < Proto-Slavic *porxъ 32 : Rus. зубной порошок; Ukr. зубний порошок; Pol. proszek do zębów. Prefixation is less often (Rus. отвар, Ukr. відвар, Pol. odwar < вар) as well as reduction of the derived stem: Rus. настой "aqueous extract of a substance or plant", since the 11 th -17 th centuries < Proto-Slavic *настойь, a derivative noun from the verb *настойати 33 , Ukr. настій. The material collected proves that most of the body of the perfumery and cosmetics terms in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages are loan words (72 % of terms in each of the three Slavic languages). The principle of borrowing already existing terms from other languages is a complicated process, when an element of a foreign language is transmitted into another one by means of direct and indirect, oral and written language contacts.
The reasons for borrowing are as follows: the lack of terms in the Slavic languages for new notions in the spheres of perfumery and cosmetics; the use of a one-word term instead of a word combination; the need to specify a certain meaning so the form and the meaning are borrowed (lexical borrowing), the form is only borrowed (formal borrowing), root morphemes or affixes are borrowed (morphological borrowing).
Among perfumery and cosmetics loan words three groups of terms are distinguished. The first group is represented by special words that name the objects and notions which do not have any equivalents in either the source or target languages, for instance: Rus. помада "a cosmetic product -coloured paste; a lipstick (usually for colouring)"; in the 16 th -17 th centuries помада 'healing potion', мазь помада (since 1645); borrowed from the German Pomade or Dutch pommade, via French pommade -since the mid 16 th century to the Italian pommata, a derivative with the suffix -ta from the Latin stem pomum, plural poma 'apple; apples'; initially the healing paste was prepared from the fat and flesh of a special Peloponnese variety of small apples in Southern Greece 34 ; Ukr. помада < French pomade 'помада, мазь', Italian pommata, pómo 'apple, apple tree' (the Italian name resulted from the fact that originally fat and apples were used to prepare the healing paste) from Latin pōmum 35 , in Pol. szminka < German Schminke since 1872 (WSJP PAN); Rus. блоттер < English blotter in perfumery "a scent strip to test fragrance" 36 , Ukr. блоттер / блотер, Pol. blotter; 2) neologisms that name new notions, for instance: Rus., Ukr. блаш, Pol. blush "one colour blush"; Rus., Ukr. карвинг "long-term hairstyling". To the second group belong terms borrowed to the target language to replace multiword expressions, for instance, Rus. тушь для подводки глаз, Ukr. туш для підводки очей -айлайнер, Pol. konturówka do oczu -eyeliner; Rus. смывка для лака -ремувер.
Perfumery and cosmetics products seemingly having first appeared in Ancient Mesopotamia or in Arabia -"the country of incenses", the influence of Arabic, Persian, Hindi and Turkic languages is reflected in the terminology of these two spheres. The terms were borrowed into the Slavic languages via donor-languages, cf. Rus. тальк / талька via German Talk from French talc, Later on, perfumery and cosmetics products appeared in the countries of South-Eastern Asia, Babylon, Greece and Italy. Crusaders brought to Europe cosmetics and elementary perfumery products. In Italy, in Florence, Santa Maria Novella, a perfume factory, was built in 1608, then perfumery and cosmetics products were brought to France, which in the 17 th century became a centre of manufacturing and consuming perfumery and cosmetics (mainly decorative) in the West (SKH 21).
Foreign special words have been borrowed from one language into another not that easily. In the Russian language there was first borrowed the term парфюмëр 'maker of perfumes' from French parfumer 'to scent', 'to emit fragrance', in 1837; from its stem there were borrowed special lexemes парфюмерия and парфюмерный. In French parfumer is a loan word from profumare (< perfumare) ‛to besmoke'; cf. Latin fūumus ‛smoke' 51 ; 41
In the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages the international terminology body is mainly represented by Greek and Latin terms. They were borrowed both directly and indirectly. In the first case they are, for instance, Rus. гель < Latin gelāre 'freeze' "dispersed system or gelatinous mass that maintains its form, strength and elasticity typical of solids" 56 , Ukr. гель, Pol. żel < French gelée 'galareta' 57 . In the second case new terms appeared via intermediary languages, in particular, French, for instance, Rus. and Ukr. аромат < Greek árōma, arṓmatos 'fragrant substance', Pol. aromat / aromaty via French aromate from Greek arṓmata 'wonne korzenie' 58 ; Rus., Ukr. крем via French crème, Latin chrisma from Greek χρῖσμα from χρίω 'I smear' 59 , in Polish krem < French crème 'śmietana; krem; kremowy' (WSJP PAN); Rus.,  66 , etc. Its evolution being closely connected with the scientific and technological innovations of the 19 th -20 th centuries, perfumery and cosmetics terminology appeared along with the development of industry and manufacture in the late Modern period 67 . In the early 21 st century every year nearly 200 new perfumes are produced -unique compositions that comprise from 50 to 250 various ingredients 68 .
Due to the lack of similar terms in the Slavic languages and the shift of the perfumery centre to France in the 18 th century, special Gallicisms began to be borrowed into the Slavic languages. French was an intermediary language for terms of Greek and Latin origin, and of the Eastern languages as well.
Gallicisms are most numerous in perfumery and cosmetics terminology in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages. Among the direct loan words there are, for instance: Rus., Ukr. одеколон "a perfumed liquid or solid made of fragrant essential oils and alcohol used for cosmetic and hygienic purposes" < French eau de Cologne 'Cologne water', produced in the 18 th century in the Olena Voytseva, Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms...
In spite of the active use of Anglicisms, terms of French origin still remain one of the lexical means to increase the perfumery and cosmetics terminology in the early 21 st century, cf. Rus. броссаж < French brassage, brosse 'brush' "in cosmetology -the procedure of smooth cleansing to remove skin flakes with the help of special peeling cream and a face and body cleansing brush", synonyms: браш-пилинг < English brush peeling, brush 'brush' + peel 'to strip off the natural external covering of something', брашинг < English brushing lit. 'cleaning one's face with a brush' 78 ; Pol. brushing "zabieg kosmetyczny polegający na złuszczeniu naskórka wirującą szczotką" (SJP PWN); Rus. гоммаж "1. in cosmetology the procedure of rubbing off dead skin cells with the help of special cream; 2. cleansing paste used for gommage" < French gommage, gomme 'eraser' 79 ,Pol. gommage,etc. The 20 th century is marked by the manufacturing of new perfumery and cosmetics products, and new natural raw materials and synthetic compounds, and therefore the wide use of American English terms in special literature, advertising, mass media 80 is seen, cf.: Rus. пилинг < English peeling, peel " 1. In cosmetology a procedure of cleansing one's skin surface and of smoothing keratinised skin cells with the help of special cream; 2. peeling cream" 81 , Ukr. пілінг, Pol. peeling / piling < English peeling z 1957 r., ścierak pot. "kosmetyk umożliwiający przeprowadzenie peelingu -zabiegu" 82 ; Rus., Ukr. скраб < English scrub lit. 'to rub' "in cosmetology -a cleansing semi-abrasive cream or lotion that helps to remove dead skin cells off the surface" 83 , Pol. scrub; Rus. лифтинг < English lift "1. in cosmetology an operation to correct face and neck defects; 2. correcting and strengthening the muscles of one's face and breast with the help of special cosmetics or physical exercises without being operated on" 84 , Ukr. ліфтинг, Pol. lifting < English lifting "zabieg chirurgiczno-kosmetyczny mający na celu zlikwidowanie zmarszczek na twarzy i szyi" z 1991 r. 85 ; Rus. вамп < англ. vamp, abbr. vampire 'вам пир' "special make-up characterised by bright red lips, purple or dark blue eye shadow, light powder applied to one's face" 86 ; Rus. текстурайзер < English texturizer, texturize 'to impart a particular texture to something in order to make it more attractive' "a hair lotion, a texture softener that creates amplified volume" 87 , etc.
Most of the loan words borrowed before the mid 20 th century became assimilated in the Slavic languages: the terms acquired some grammatical categories (like those of gender, number, and case for nouns), they lost their lexical and grammatical variants (Rus. лак / лек, румяны / румяна) and separate lexemes for masculine and feminine genders (for instance, French loan words with the stem in -et, -ie have word forms of both genders: masque, m -маск / маска; pommade, f -помад / помада 88 ), and they also formed word-forming derivatives. While paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations were extended, there appeared synonymous terms (Rus. автозагар -автобронзат, Ukr. автозасмага, Pol. аuto bronzant -opalanie natryskowe). At present there is a tendency to distinguish between these synonyms, to lead to determinologization of terms (when special terms can acquire figurative meanings as a result of wide use in everyday speech): Rus. бальзам highflown "cure for consolation, relief" 89 , Ukr. бальзам fig. "healing remedy for relief, consolation" 90 , Pol. balsam przen. "to, co koi, uspokaja" 91 .
Olena Voytseva, Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms...
The secondary naming of nationwide words ("when an already existing word acquires a new meaning to denotate a new phenomenon") 94 is characterised by associative thinking, for instance: Rus., Ukr. букет "the totality of olfactory and gustatory properties" 95 ; "the total characteristic of a scent as harmonic, the main shade of scents that is peculiar" (AR); Rus. "нос" "an experienced perfumer" 96 .
New and productive means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms since the 20 th century have been shortened forms of words -abbreviations that perform "nouns consisting of contracted words that form the original word combination It is noteworthy that besides their positive role (enlarging of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology body with term neologisms that contribute to perfumery and cosmetics innovations wide use) the loan words narrow the sphere of the national corpus functioning as they replace the national terms by those with a higher functionality from another language, and cause their grapheme and orthography ambiguity, сf. Rus. фейс-лифтинг / фейслифтинг, сквалан / сквален; Ukr. парфюм / парфум, желатин / желатина; Pol. bronzer / brązer.
Phrasal terms appear because of the necessity to "quickly enlarge the terminology body with words denoting new phenomena". It is a process of adding adjective components to the hyperonym to name new notions. According to S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, the means is becoming the leading one, "which results in the quantitative predominance of word combinations in almost any terminology sphere and in most European languages, as well as in their prolongation up to three and even four components in the late 20 th century" 100 . In the material under analysis such compounds constitute 24 % of the total number of the terms.
Thus, the study of naming processes in perfumery and cosmetics terminology in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages proves universal tendencies towards integration, differentiation, internationalization and unification of the language means in the structural, semantic and genetic aspects.
The specificity of the vocabulary in the perfumery and cosmetics spheres can account for their special denotates. The former manifests itself both in the nominative and the semasiological aspects. The logical and notional structure of the analyzed terminology as its semantic model is generated by the native language laws of functioning: inflections, homogeneous word-forming models of the terms typical of each Slavic language, morphological and syntactic connections in compound-structured terms, etc. External factors depend on social processes, in particular the terminology under analysis is influenced by integration processes, international contacts expansion, and scientific and technological innovations in the perfumery and cosmetics spheres. The nomenclature process has a secondary character and its own specificity: a term that has separate semantic and formal characteristics first of all correlates with the notion depending on the systemic features and the place that the term takes in the terminology under analysis. The emergence of perfumery and cosmetics proto-terminology in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages occurred on the basis of the common language and the processes of borrowing, although playing an important role for the language contacts. The continuous development of perfumery and cosmetics terminology in the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages is provided through the lexicon maintenance of the previous period.
The study of creating and developing the perfumery and cosmetics terminology subsystem in the synchrony of several time periods made it possible to determine the following common regular mechanisms of the nomenclature Olena Voytseva, Means of creating perfumery and cosmetics terms... in three Slavic languages: 1) the connection with the common vocabulary (terminologization, specialization, secondary naming); 2) expanding of the word-forming means by borrowing and calquing, which results in the international terminology formation; 3) formal and semantic connections as important systemic relations in a language that causes the use of affixal, non-affixal and combined means of forming special words from the original terms and their derivatives; 4) continuous enlarging of the perfumery and cosmetics terminology subsystem, developing of various structural forms (term modelling, contractions such as abbreviations, word modelling components) due to the necessity of naming new notions, phenomena, objects that are to be developed, specified and differentiated; 5) the formation of fixed two or three-component, multicomponent attributive word combinations with or without a preposition.
The correlation of perfumery and cosmetics terminology in Slavic and other languages; their internationalization leads to the development of typological tendencies in special subsystems of genetically related languages.